Sir David Amess MP, Southend West
voted moderately against the policy
by scoring 31.9% compared to the votes below
Someone who believes that the laws which enforce Climate Change policy should be as strong as possible would cast votes described by the policy.
Warm Homes and Energy Conservation Bill - 10 Mar 2000 - Division No. 101 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Order for Second Reading read.
I beg to move, That the Bill be now read a Second time.
If the Bill becomes law, it will undoubtedly improve the quality and well-being of a great many people. I have no doubt that that statement will raise expectations.
People go into politics for all sorts of reasons. I have been in politics for a long time. I decided at the age of 11 that I wanted to be a Member of Parliament, and it was a childhood ambition come true when I arrived in the House in 1983.
As we all know, we are very modest people. None of us really wants to be here; friends, neighbours and relatives twist our arms to stand for Parliament, and hey presto! we arrive here full of modesty. We are all content to be Back Benchers: ambition never enters our minds.
It probably has not escaped the notice of my colleagues that I am neither Prime Minister nor Leader of the Opposition. My mother and my wife still believe that I am a late developer--we shall see what happens--but I believe that, once one realises one's limitations, it is rather churlish to remain here and become bitter and twisted because no one notices the talent that one's relatives alone believe one to have.
When I entered the ballot for private Members' Bills year after year and never got the opportunity to speak, I became rather frustrated. I entered the ballot 16 times and, at last, on the 16th occasion, I was successful. There is no significance in the number 16, but it was third time lucky in this Parliament.
If I had been told that I would have the marvellous opportunity to speak first and not wait to be tail-end Charlie--the opportunity to have a few people listening to what I say, whether the House enjoys it or not and whether or not hon. Members are persuaded to adopt my point of view--I would have said, "How wonderful." However, I never imagined that I would seek leave of the House to present the Warm Homes and Energy Conservation Bill. There were two issues on my agenda that were very dear to my heart: the pro-life issue, and animal welfare.
On the second count, I have convinced myself that I have already done my duty. There is an Act in my name, with which I am sure hon. Members are familiar: the Protection Against Cruel Tethering Act 1988, which prevents horses, ponies and donkeys from being tied up and ensures that they are properly watered and fed. I rather feel that I have done my duty by animals.
I did, however, agonise about the pro-life issue. Would I make a glorious speech, enthral the House, convince it of my argument and win the day? Then, without wishing to stir things up, I pondered on the House as it now is, and concluded that, although I might make a decent speech, I would probably be wasting my time.
I therefore did not have an issue to bring to the House. I found that I had suddenly become popular: people were interested in me. It was a little like the 1992 general
10 Mar 2000 : Column 1297 election all over again. For 30 seconds, it seemed that the nation's attention focused on my good self. All sorts of organisations and interest groups suddenly wanted to know me.
Simply shovelling money at people to heat the skies above our cities is hardly a sustainable use of resources. Nor will it help the fuel poor much.
How many of our pensioners will go cold this winter?
To require the Secretary of State to draw up and facilitate the carrying out of a programme of action to provide households with a comprehensive package of home insulation, heating and other energy efficiency improvements for the purpose of reducing fuel poverty; to require the setting of targets for the achievement of that programme; and for connected purposes.
any power to require any person to carry out works.
One of the obscenities of the 1980s was the failure to tackle the problem of keeping our elderly people warm in winter.
The preventable scourge of fuel poverty still remains an indictable menace in our society.
accept the concept of "fuel poverty"?
About one in 20 households were classed as being in severe fuel poverty, needing to spend over 20 per cent. and 30 per cent.
switched gas suppliers can save around £65 each and in electricity 4 million have switched saving £20 a year each.
the old, the poor and the people in the lowest social groupings.
The solution to the problem lies in the long-term improvement of housing stock.
The Government has promised to eradicate fuel poverty. Labour's manifesto for the Scottish Parliament promised to do this in two terms. Senior Ministers are on the record saying fuel poverty must be ended, that it is a "scandal" and a "preventable scourge". Recently, an "Inter-Ministerial Group" has been set up to look at the problem and set a target date to eradicate fuel poverty.
Despite this, the Labour leadership has a poor record. Ministers have effectively "removed" over 1 million households from fuel poverty by attempting to change the definition.
the difference between the number of deaths during the four winter months (December to March) and the average number of deaths during the preceding autumn (August to November) and the following summer (April to July)---[ Official Report , 20 December 1999; Vol. 341, c. 436W.].
measures which the appropriate authority believes are required to ensure that households in fuel poverty have access to appropriate fuel tariffs which encourage the efficient use of energy.
appropriate fuel tariffs which encourage the efficient use of energy.
In preparing a report . . . the appropriate authority shall consult--
(a) such organisations as appear to it to represent--
(i) local authorities,
(ii)relevant utilities
(iii) persons in fuel poverty;
and
(b) such other persons as it sees fit.
the elimination of fuel poverty is essential to meet Britain's international climate change obligations. . . . A policy of paying people to heat the skies above their homes is simply unsustainable.
of customers of persons who supply gas are treated less favourably than other customers of theirs . . .
I have always tried hard to be as supportive as possible--this is why I am surprised to see that I am not listed as being supportive in other ways.
Now that he is Chief Secretary to the Treasury, he has every chance of being as supportive as he could want to. Responsibility has been accepted by the Cabinet Minister responsible for controlling public expenditure, so he must know how the aims of the Bill can be achieved without increasing public expenditure. Otherwise, the figures that the Chief Secretary has published would be misleading, and that cannot be the case. I hope that the Minister will enlighten the House about the funding mechanism and how it fits in with the Government's current spending targets.
Question put, That the Question be now put:--
The House divided: Ayes 143, Noes 0. |
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"Table - 20. Climate change levy - 27 Mar 2000 - Division No. 124 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Resolved,
That--
(1) In paragraph 1 of Schedule 1 to the Vehicle Excise and Registration Act 1994--
(a) in sub-paragraph (2), for "£155" there shall be substituted "£160"; and
(b) in sub-paragraph (2A), for "£100" there shall be substituted "£105".
(2) This Resolution shall have effect in relation to licences issued on or after 1st March 2001.
Resolved,
That provision may be made with respect to the vehicle excise duty chargeable in respect of light passenger and light goods vehicles first registered on or after 1st March 2001.
Resolved,
Revenue weight of vehicle Rate
(1) Exceeding (2) Not Exceeding (3) Two axle vehicle (4) Three axle vehicle (5) Four or more axle vehicle
kgs kgs £ £ £ 3,500 7,500 165 165 165 7,500 12,000 300 300 300 12,000 13,000 470 490 350 13,000 14,000 650 490 350 14,000 15,000 840 490 350 15,000 17,000 1,320 490 350 17,000 19,000 1,600 850 350 19,000 21,000 1,600 1,020 350 21,000 23,000 1,600 1,470 510 23,000 25,000 1,600 2,230 830 25,000 27,000 1,600 2,340 1,470 27,000 29,000 1,600 2,340 2,320 29,000 31,000 1,600 2,340 3,360 31,000 44,000 1,600 2,340 4,400
Revenue weight of vehicle Rate
(1) Exceeding (2) Not Exceeding Rate (3) Two axle vehicle (4) Three axle vehicle (5) Four or more axle vehicle
kgs kgs £ £ £ 3,500 7,500 160 160 160 7,500 12,000 160 160 160 12,000 13,000 160 160 160 13,000 14,000 160 160 160 14,000 15,000 160 160 160 15,000 17,000 320 160 160 17,000 19,000 600 160 160 19,000 21,000 600 160 160 21,000 23,000 600 470 160 23,000 25,000 600 1,230 160 25,000 27,000 600 1,340 470 27,000 29,000 600 1,340 1,320 29,000 31,000 600 1,340 2,360 31,000 44,000 600 1,340 3,400
Revenue weight of tractive unit Rate for tractive unit with two axles Rate for tractive unit with three or more axles
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Exceeding Not exceeding Any no. of semi-trailer axles 2 or more semi-trailer axles 3 or more semi-trailer axles Any no. of semi-trailer axles 2 or more semi-trailer axles 3 or more semi-trailer axles
kgs kgs £ £ £ £ £ £ 3,500 7,500 165 165 165 165 165 165 7,500 12,000 300 300 300 300 300 300 12,000 16,000 460 460 460 460 460 460 16,000 20,000 520 460 460 460 460 460 20,000 23,000 810 460 460 460 460 460 23,000 26,000 1,190 590 460 590 460 460 26,000 28,000 1,190 1,130 460 1,130 460 460 28,000 31,000 1,740 1,740 1,090 1,740 660 460 31,000 33,000 2,530 2,530 1,740 2,530 1,000 460 33,000 34,000 5,170 5,170 1,740 2,530 1,470 570 34,000 35,000 5,170 5,170 2,340 2,530 2,100 860 35,000 36,000 6,750 6,750 2,340 2,530 2,100 860 36,000 38,000 9,250 9,250 2,710 2,820 2,820 1,280 38,000 41,000 9,250 9,250 3,950 3,750 4,250 2,500 41,000 44,000 9,250 9,250 3,950 7,250 7,250 2,950
Revenue weight of tractive unit Rate for tractive unit with two axles Rate for tractive unit with three or more axles
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Exceeding Not exceeding Any no. of semi-trailer axles 2 or more semi-trailer axles 3 or more semi-trailer axles Any no. of semi-trailer axles 2 or more semi-trailer axles 3 or more semi-trailer axles
kgs kgs £ £ £ £ £ £ 3,500 7,500 160 160 160 160 160 160 7,500 12,000 160 160 160 160 160 160 12,000 16,000 160 160 160 160 160 160 16,000 20,000 160 160 160 160 160 160 20,000 23,000 160 160 160 160 160 160 23,000 26,000 190 160 160 160 160 160 26,000 28,000 190 160 160 160 160 160 28,000 31,000 740 740 160 740 160 160 31,000 33,000 1,530 1,530 740 1,530 160 160 33,000 34,000 4,170 4,170 740 1,530 470 160 34,000 35,000 4,170 4,170 1,340 1,530 1,100 160 35,000 36,000 5,750 5,750 1,340 1,530 1,100 160 36,000 38,000 8,250 8,250 1,710 1,820 1,820 280 38,000 41,000 8,250 8,250 2,950 2,750 3,250 1,500 41,000 44,000 8,250 8,250 2,950 6,250 6,250 1,950
(5) In the following provisions--
(a) in paragraph 11(1), after "Subject to sub-paragraphs (2) and (3)", and (b) in paragraph 11A(2), after "Subject to sub-paragraph (3)", there shall be inserted "and paragraph 11C". (6) After paragraph 11B there shall be inserted-- "11C.--(1) This paragraph applies to a tractive unit that-- (a) has a revenue weight exceeding 41,000 kilograms but not exceeding 44,000 kilograms, (b) has 3 or more axles and is used exclusively for the conveyance of semi-trailers with 3 or more axles, (c) is of a type that could lawfully be used on a public road immediately before 21st March 2000, and (d) complies with the requirements in force immediately before that date for use on a public road. (2) The annual rate of vehicle excise duty applicable to a vehicle to which this paragraph applies is-- (a) in the case of a vehicle with respect to which the reduced pollution requirements are not satisfied, £1,280;
(b) in the case of a vehicle with respect to which those requirements are satisfied, £280.". (7) This resolution applies in relation to licences issued after 21st March 2000. And it is hereby declared that it is expedient in the public interest that this Resolution should have statutory effect under the provisions of the Provisional Collection of Taxes Act 1968.
Resolved,
That--
(1) Schedule A1 to the Value Added Tax Act 1994 shall have effect with the following amendments.
(2) In paragraph 1(1), after paragraph (a) insert--
"(aa) supplies of services of installing List A energy-saving materials in residential accommodation or in a building intended for use solely for a relevant charitable purpose;
(ab) supplies of List A energy-saving materials by a person who installs those materials in residential accommodation or a building intended for use solely for a relevant charitable purpose;".
(3) In paragraph 1(1), in each of paragraphs (b) and (c), before "energy-saving materials" insert "List B".
(4) In paragraph 1(1), after paragraph (c) insert--
"(d) supplies to a qualifying person of services of connecting, or reconnecting, a mains gas supply to the qualifying person's sole or main residence;
(e) supplies of goods made to a qualifying person by a person connecting, or reconnecting, a mains gas supply to the qualifying person's sole or main residence, being goods whose installation is necessary for the connection, or reconnection, of the mains gas supply;
(f) supplies to a qualifying person of services of installing, maintaining or repairing a central heating system in the qualifying person's sole or main residence;
(g) supplies of goods made to a qualifying person by a person installing, maintaining or repairing a central heating system in the qualifying person's sole or main residence, being goods whose installation is necessary for the installation, maintenance or repair of the central heating system;
(h) supplies consisting in the leasing of goods that form the whole or part of a central heating system installed in the sole or main residence of a qualifying person;
(i) supplies of goods that form the whole or part of a central heating system installed in a qualifying person's sole or main residence and that, immediately before being supplied, were goods leased under arrangements such that the consideration for the supplies consisting in the leasing of the goods was, in whole or in part, funded by a grant made under a relevant scheme;
(j) supplies to a qualifying person of services of installing qualifying security goods in the qualifying person's sole or main residence; and
(k) supplies of qualifying security goods made to a qualifying person by a person who installs those goods in the qualifying person's sole or main residence."
(5) For paragraph 1(1A) substitute--
"(1A) A supply to which any of paragraphs (b) to (k) of sub-paragraph (1) above applies is a supply falling within this paragraph only to the extent that the consideration for it--
(a) is, or is to be, funded by a grant made under a relevant scheme; or
(b) in the case of a supply to which paragraph (i) of that sub-paragraph applies--
(i) is, or is to be, funded by such a grant, or
(ii) is a payment becoming due only by reason of the termination (whether by the passage of time or otherwise) of the leasing of the goods in question."
(6) In paragraph 1(1B), for "sub-paragraph (1)(b) or (c)" substitute "any of paragraphs (b) to (k) of sub-paragraph (1)".
(7) In paragraph 5(3)(c), for "disability working allowance" substitute "disabled person's tax credit".
(8) In paragraph 5(3)(d), for "family credit" substitute "working families' tax credit".
(9) In paragraph 5, after sub-paragraph (3) insert--
"(3A) For the purposes of paragraph 1(1)(aa) and (ab) above "residential accommodation" means--
(a) a building, or part of a building, that consists of a dwelling or a number of dwellings;
(b) a building, or part of a building, used for a relevant residential purpose;
(c) a caravan used as a place of permanent habitation; or
(d) a houseboat.
(3B) For the purposes of paragraph 1(1)(aa) and (ab) above "use for a relevant charitable purpose" means use by a charity in either or both of the following ways, namely--
(a) otherwise than in the course or furtherance of a business;
(b) as a village hall or similarly in providing social or recreational facilities for a local community."
(10) In paragraph 5(4), for "For the purposes of paragraph 1(1)(b) and (c) above "energy-saving materials" means" substitute "For the purposes of paragraph 1(1)(aa) and (ab) above "List A energy-saving materials" means".
(11) In paragraph 5(4)(c), after "central heating system controls" insert "(including thermostatic radiator valves)".
(12) In paragraph 5(4), after paragraph (d) insert--
"(e) solar panels."
(13) In paragraph 5, after sub-paragraph (4) insert--
"(4A) For the purposes of paragraph 1(1)(b) and (c) above "List B energy-saving materials" means any of the following--
(a) gas-fired room heaters that are fitted with thermostatic controls;
(b) electric storage heaters;
(c) closed solid fuel fire cassettes;
(d) electric dual immersion water heaters with foam-insulated hot water tanks;
(e) gas-fired boilers;
(f) oil-fired boilers;
(g) radiators. (4B) For the purposes of paragraph 1(1)(j) and (k) above, "qualifying security goods" means any of the following--
(a) locks or bolts for windows;
(b) locks, bolts or security chains for doors;
(c) spy holes;
(d) smoke alarms."
(14) In paragraph 5(5), for "paragraph 1(1A) and (1B)" substitute "paragraph 1".
(15) This Resolution applies to supplies made on or after 1st April 2000.
And it is hereby declared that it is expedient in the public interest that this Resolution should have statutory effect under the provisions of the Provisional Collection of Taxes Act 1968.
Resolved,
(6) In the following provisions of that Act--
(a) paragraph 1(4)(a) and (5) of Schedule 1; and
(b) paragraph 1(4) of Schedule 2,
for "or paragraph 6(3) of Schedule 3" there shall be substituted ", paragraph 6(3) of Schedule 3 or paragraph 6(2) of Schedule 3A".
(7) In paragraph 1(3) of Schedule 3 to that Act, for "or paragraph 6(2) of Schedule 2" there shall be substituted ", paragraph 6(2) of Schedule 2 or paragraph 6(2) of Schedule 3A".
(8) After Schedule 3 to that Act there shall be inserted, as Schedule 3A, the following provisions--
Liability to be registered 1.--(1) A person who is not registered under this Act, and is not liable to be registered under Schedule 1, 2 or 3, becomes liable to be registered under this Schedule at any time--
(a) if he makes relevant supplies; or
(b) if there are reasonable grounds for believing that he will make such supplies in the period of 30 days then beginning. (2) A person shall be treated as having become liable to be registered under this Schedule at any time when he would have become so liable under sub-paragraph (1) above but for any registration which is subsequently cancelled under paragraph 6(2) below, paragraph 13(3) of Schedule 1, paragraph 6(2) of Schedule 2 or paragraph 6(3) of Schedule 3. (3) A person shall not cease to be liable to be registered under this Schedule except in accordance with paragraph 2 below.
2. A person who has become liable to be registered under this Schedule shall cease to be so liable at any time if the Commissioners are satisfied that he has ceased to make relevant supplies.
Notification of liability and registration 3.--(1) A person who becomes liable to be registered by virtue of paragraph 1(1)(a) above shall notify the Commissioners of the liability before the end of the period of 30 days beginning with the day on which the liability arises. (2) The Commissioners shall register any such person (whether or not he so notifies them) with effect from the beginning of the day on which the liability arises.
4.--(1) A person who becomes liable to be registered by virtue of paragraph 1(1)(b) above shall notify the Commissioners of the liability before the end of the period by reference to which the liability arises. (2) The Commissioners shall register any such person (whether or not he so notifies them) with effect from the beginning of the period by reference to which the liability arises.
Notification of end of liability 5.--(1) Subject to sub-paragraph (2) below, a person registered under paragraph 3 or 4 above who ceases to make or have the intention of making relevant supplies shall notify the Commissioners of that fact within 30 days of the day on which he does so. (2) Sub-paragraph (1) above does not apply if the person would, when he so ceases, be otherwise liable or entitled to be registered under this Act if his registration and any enactment preventing a person from being liable to be registered under different provisions at the same time were disregarded.
Cancellation of registration 6.--(1) Subject to sub-paragraph (3) below, where the Commissioners are satisfied that a registered person has ceased to be liable to be registered under this Schedule, they may cancel his registration with effect from the day on which he so ceased or from such later date as may be agreed between them and him. (2) Where the Commissioners are satisfied that on the day on which a registered person was registered he was not registrable, they may cancel his registration with effect from that day. (3) The Commissioners shall not under sub-paragraph (1) above cancel a person's registration with effect from any time unless they are satisfied that it is not a time when that person would be subject to a requirement, or entitled, to be registered under this Act. (4) In determining for the purposes of sub-paragraph (3) above whether a person would be subject to a requirement, or entitled, to be registered at any time, so much of any provision of this Act as prevents a person from becoming liable or entitled to be registered when he is already registered or when he is so liable under any other provision shall be disregarded.
Exemption from registration 7.--(1) Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this Schedule, where a person who makes or intends to make relevant supplies satisfies the Commissioners that any such supply is zero-rated or would be zero-rated if he were a taxable person, they may, if he so requests and they think fit, exempt him from registration under this Schedule. (2) Where there is a material change in the nature of the supplies made by a person exempted under this paragraph from registration under this Schedule, he shall notify the Commissioners of the change--
(a) within 30 days of the date on which the change occurred; or
(b) if no particular date is identifiable as the day on which it occurred, within 30 days of the end of the quarter in which it occurred. (3) Where there is a material alteration in any quarter in the proportion of relevant supplies of such a person that are zero-rated, he shall notify the Commissioners of the alteration within 30 days of the end of the quarter. (4) If it appears to the Commissioners that a request under sub-paragraph (1) above should no longer have been acted upon on or after any day, or has been withdrawn on any day, they shall register the person who made the request with effect from that day.
Supplementary 8. Any notification required under this Schedule shall be made in such form and shall contain such particulars as the Commissioners may by regulations prescribe.
9.--(1) For the purposes of this Schedule a supply of goods is a relevant supply where--
(a) the supply is a taxable supply;
(b) the goods are assets of the business in the course or furtherance of which they are supplied; and
(c) the person by whom they are supplied, or a predecessor of his, has received or claimed, or is intending to claim, a repayment of VAT on the supply to him, or the importation by him, of the goods or of anything comprised in them. (2) In relation to any goods, a person is the predecessor of another for the purposes of this paragraph if--
(a) that other person is a person to whom he has transferred assets of his business by a transfer of that business, or part of it, as a going concern;
(b) those assets consisted of or included those goods; and
(c) the transfer of the assets is one falling by virtue of an order under section 5(3) (or under an enactment re-enacted in section 5(3)) to be treated as neither a supply of goods nor a supply of services;
and the reference in this paragraph to a person's predecessor includes references to the predecessors of his predecessor through any number of transfers.
(3) The reference in this paragraph to a repayment of VAT is a reference to such a repayment under a scheme embodied in regulations made under section 39."
(9) In paragraph 5(5) of Schedule 4 to that Act, for the words from "under sections 25 and 26" to the end there shall be substituted--
"(a) under sections 25 and 26, to credit for the whole or any part of the VAT on the supply, acquisition or importation of those goods or of anything comprised in them; or
(b) under a scheme embodied in regulations made under section 39, to a repayment of VAT on the supply or importation of those goods or of anything comprised in them."
(10) Paragraphs (1) to (7) and (9) above have effect in relation to supplies made on or after 21st March 2000; and paragraph (8) above has effect in relation to relevant supplies (within the meaning of Schedule 3A to that Act) made on or after that date.
And it is hereby declared that it is expedient in the public interest that this Resolution should have statutory effect under the provisions of the Provisional Collection of Taxes Act 1968.
Motion made, and Question put,
That provision may be made for charging a tax, to be known as climate change levy, on--
(a) supplies of electricity; and
(b) supplies of gas, coal or other commodities capable of being used as fuel.
The House divided: Ayes 351, Noes 146. |
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Housing Bill — Improvements in Energy Efficiency — rejected - 8 Nov 2004 - Division No. 311 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of the MPs voted to delete a clause from the Housing Bill that had been inserted earlier by the House of Lords[1] which said:[2]
Following this vote, Greenpeace took out newspaper adverts naming the MPs who had signed an EDM with the same promise, but who had voted against this clause.[3] A complaint by an unnamed MP to the ASA about this ad was later partly upheld.[4][5] When the Bill returned to the Lords with the reason for rejection as "Because it involves a charge on public funds", the Lords inserted a an alternative clause, which read:[6]
This new clause (which looks a lot like the old one that was rejected by MPs) was accepted by the House of Commons, with the minister explaining:[7]
The minister then said that the full-page advertisement in The Guardian, paid for by Greenpeace, "betrayed a total ignorance of the way in which Parliament works". He reminded the House that although he acknowledged the position of Members who felt they could not support the government during a debate, the only "voices to which [he] listened were the private representations of the colleagues who rightly supported the Government in the Divisions."
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Climate Change — new sense of urgency — rejected - 8 May 2007 - Division No. 107 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted against the motion, which read:[1]
In its place, an alternative motion was proposed, which read:[2]
which passed without a further division. Only one Conservative MP cast a vote.
|
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Energy Bill — Renewable energy feed-in tariff — rejected - 30 Apr 2008 - Division No. 165 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted against requiring the Secretary of State to establish a renewable energy feed-in tariff that would have rewarded consumers for each kilowatt hour of energy exported back onto the public gas or electricity network from a renewable source.[1] The proposal[2] would have been included as part of the Energy Bill,[3] and resulted in a set of regulations being laid before Parliament within one year of the law being passed.
|
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Planning Bill — National Planning Policy Statement To Include Policies Which Help Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change - 2 Jun 2008 - Division No. 206 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted against requiring the Secretary of State to be satisfied that his National Policy Statement[1], against which individual planning applications are assessed, contains policies that (taken as a whole) contribute to the mitigation of, and adaptation to, climate change. As a result of this vote by MPs, National Policy Statements, which are written by the Government to advise the Planning Commission, do not need to consider climate change. This would have been done by inserting a new clause[2][3] into the Planning Bill.
|
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Climate Change Bill — Second Reading - 9 Jun 2008 - Division No. 212 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted to give the Climate Change Bill[1] its Second Reading following a five hour debate opened by the Minister of State.[2] This means it will now be discussed in a committee of the House according to a timetable that was set by the next vote.[3] This Bill has already been through the process in the House of Lords where it was voted on 11 times.[4]
|
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Climate Change Bill — Electricity generating station performance standards — rejected - 28 Oct 2008 - Division No. 295 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted against adding a new clause[1] to the Climate Change Bill which would have given the Secretary of State the power to set the maximum level of carbon dioxide that may be emitted per unit of output by any generating station requiring consent for construction or extension under section 36 of the Electricity Act 1989 through compulsory regulations that may include:
The lengthy debate over this new clause occurred earlier.[2] The argument against it was that it would prevent the construction of coal power stations before the hypothetical and unproven carbon capture technology was operational.[3]
|
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Climate Change Bill — International aviation and shipping emission projections — rejected - 28 Oct 2008 - Division No. 296 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted against adding a new clause[1] to the Climate Change Bill which said:
The purpose of the clause is to expose the seemingly special consideration which has often been granted to aviation over all other sectors of the economy.[2] The objection to the clause was that recording shipping emissions is particularly difficult.[3] The Conservative Party almost entirely abstained from this vote.
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Climate Change Bill — Report on the civil estate - 28 Oct 2008 - Division No. 297 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted for a new clause to be added to the Climate Change Bill, which said:[1]
This was a Government backed proposal[2] with widespread support, voted against only by a small number of Conservative Party MPs, some of whom don't believe that Climate Change is real.[3]
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Climate Change Bill — Third Reading (and other amendments) - 28 Oct 2008 - Division No. 298 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The overwhelming majority of MPs voted to give the Climate Change Bill its Third Reading, which sends it back to the House of Lords for further deliberation. Owing to the lack of time, a final raft of amendments were passed without a vote and with little discussion. In particular, these included Amendment 72[1] that allowed for aviation and shipping to considered when advising the carbon emissions budget,[2] and Amendment 3 which would abolish the official avenue for an excuse for not including aviation by deleting the second provision in the following clause
(This needs verification as it does not appear in the Clause 29 section in Hansard.) Also, the target for cuts was revised from 60% to 80%,[4] which was an issue that had been lost in the House of Lords earlier in the process.[5]
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Government to sign up to 10:10 climate change campaign — rejected - 21 Oct 2009 - Division No. 229 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted against the motion, which read:[1]
In its place an alternative motion was proposed that only "welcomed" the Government's actions:[2]
which passed without a further vote. This vote was lost in spite of the fact that most of the front bench MPs have personally signed up to the campaign through public pressure.[4]
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Energy Bill — Clause 42 — Bring Forward Date Landlords of Private Rented Homes Must Follow Domestic Energy Efficiency Regulations - 14 Sep 2011 - Division No. 353 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted against requiring landlords of private rented homes to make their properties meet regulations on energy efficiency by January 2016 rather than April 2018 as initially proposed. MPs were debating the Energy Bill[1], the text of the rejected amendment was:
This would have had effected on subclause 42(3)[2] which following the rejection of the amendment remained stating: The first domestic energy efficiency regulations must come into force no later than 1 April 2018. |
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Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Bill — Decline Second Reading - 11 Jun 2012 - Division No. 13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted in favour of giving a second reading to the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Bill, supporting the key principles of the Bill and enabling it to continue on its path to becoming law. The Bill:
The amendment rejected in this vote was:
The operative phrase in the rejected amendment was: "declines to give a Second Reading to the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Bill". == |
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Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Bill — New Clause 22 — UK Green Investment Bank — Duty to Support Climate Change Act Targets - 17 Oct 2012 - Division No. 78 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted against requiring the UK Green Investment Bank to explicitly act in support of the target of reducing UK carbon emissions to 20% of 1990 levels by 2050 and in support of greenhouse gas reduction targets set under the Climate Change Act 2008. MPs were considering the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Bill[1]. The new clause rejected in this vote was:
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Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Bill — Third Reading - 17 Oct 2012 - Division No. 82 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted to support the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Bill at its third reading, to support the Bill as it stood and allow it to continue its path to becoming law. The Bill[1]:
== |
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Energy Bill — Decline Second Reading - 19 Dec 2012 - Division No. 127 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted to approve the major principles in the Energy Bill and to allow the Bill to continue on its path to becoming law. The key elements of the Bill are:
The motion rejected in this vote was:
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Energy Bill- Clause 42 — Exemption from Carbon Dioxide Emission Limits During Commissioning of Electricity Generation Plants Using Carbon Capture and Storage - 3 Jun 2013 - Division No. 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted not to exempt electricity generation plants using carbon capture and storage technology from annual carbon dioxide emissions limits during a commissioning and proving period of up to three years. MPs were considering the Energy Bill[1]. The text of the amendment[2] rejected in the vote was:
The text the amendment sought to introduce would have been added to Clause 42[3] of the Bill. Clause 45(1)(c) of the Bill states:
== |
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Energy Bill — Clause 1 — Requirement to Set a Decarbonisation Target Range - 4 Jun 2013 - Division No. 18 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted against requiring the setting of a target range for the amount of carbon dioxide (or other greenhouse gases) produced per unit of electricity generated. The text of the approved amendment stated:
this amendment would have taken effect on Clause 1(1) of the Bill which stated:
A “decarbonisation target range”, in relation to any year, means a range for the carbon intensity of electricity generation in Great Britain. Carbon intensity is a measure of the amount of carbon dioxide (or other greenhouse gases) produced per unit of electricity generated.[1][2] == |
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Energy Bill — Clause 10 — Financial Incentives for Larger Small Scale Low Carbon Generation Plants - 4 Jun 2013 - Division No. 19 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted against enabling the provision of financial incentives intended to encourage small-scale low-carbon generation of electricity to plants with a generation capacity of 10 megawatts or more (at the time of the vote assistance was only provided to plants up to 5 megawatts in capacity). The text of the rejected amendment was:
At the time of the vote Section 41(4) of the Energy Act 2008 stated:
The effect would have been to enable financial incentives (Feed In Tariffs (FITs)) to be given to small-scale low-carbon generation of electricity where the scale of generation capacity is over 10 megawatts, whereas at the time of the vote such incentives could only be given in respect of a plant with an output of up to 5 megawatts. Had the amendment become law MPs would have been giving ministers the ability to pay incentives to any scale of generating plant they chose. == |
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Energy Bill — Third Reading - 4 Jun 2013 - Division No. 20 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted to approve the Energy Bill as it stood at the time of the vote and to allow it to continue on its path to becoming law. The key elements of the Bill are:
== |
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Energy Bill — Enabling Carbon Dioxide Emissions Limits to be Applied to Stations Which Fit Pollution Abatement Equipment - 4 Dec 2013 - Division No. 151 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted against allowing carbon dioxide emissions limits to be set in respect of existing stations which fit pollution abatement equipment. MPs were considering the Energy Bill[1] The text of the motion[2] approved in this vote was:
Lords amendment 105 which was rejected as a result of this vote stated:
This would been added to Schedule 4 of the Bill[3] with the effect of allowing the carbon dioxide limit applying to a station to be changed by the Secretary of State following the installation of pollution abatement equipment dealing with the substances listed in the amendment. The explanatory notes to the Lords amendments[4] add, in relation to the rejected amendment 105, that:
==
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Summer Budget 2015 - 14 Jul 2015 - Division No. 44 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted in favour of the summer 2015 budget which, among other measures, increased the minimum wage, replaced student maintenance grants with loans and cut tax credits. MPs were debating the summer budget 2015[1] The budget:
On the Welfare Cap the budget documents[1] state:
The budget proposes spending of £742 billion and an income of £673 billion in 2015-16; a deficit of £69 billion. The motion being debated by MPs was technically on legislating to enact some of the proposals in the budget. The motion stated:
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Summer Budget 2015 Resolution 21 — Application of Climate Change Levy to Electricity from Renewable Sources - 14 Jul 2015 - Division No. 47 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted to apply the Climate Change Levy, a tax on energy delivered to non-domestic users, to electricity generated from renewable sources. MPs were considering resolutions following the 2015 Summer Budget[1]. The motion supported by the majority of MPs in this vote was:
This amendment to the Finance Act 2000 limited the definition of "renewable source electricity” to electricity generated before 1 August 2015. Notes published by Parliament on the budget resolutions[2] state the resolution:
The budget[1] stated:
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Finance Bill — Application of Climate Change Levy Tax to Electricity Generated from Renewable Sources - 8 Sep 2015 - Division No. 63 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted to apply the Climate Change Levy, a tax on energy delivered to non-domestic users, to electricity generated from renewable sources after 1 August 2015. MPs were considering the Finance Bill[1]: The question agreed by the majority of MPs taking part in this vote was:
The clause in question, which the majority of MPs supported remaining in the Bill, was Clause 45. Clause 45 was titled "CCL: removal of exemption for electricity from renewable sources" and stated:
MPs held a previous vote on this subject on the 14th of July 2015 |
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Finance Bill — Clause 42 — Vehicle Tax — Relation to Carbon Dioxide Emissions — Surcharge for Vehicles Costing Over Forty Thousand Pounds - 26 Oct 2015 - Division No. 89 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted against charging the first year rate of vehicle tax, which varies substantially based on carbon dioxide emissions, for the subsequent two years as well; against a variable rate of vehicle tax based on carbon dixoide emissions for vehicles registered on or after 1 April 2017 and to charge additional tax on vehicles costing over £40,000. The tax under consideration is known by the Government as Vehicle Excise Duty (VED), or Vehicle Taxation. It is commonly also known as "car tax" and misleadingly, given not all road users pay it: "road tax". MPs were considering the Finance Bill[1] The amendment rejected in this vote[2] began:
The element of the Bill to be replaced sought to amend the Vehicle Excise and Registration Act 1994. The rejected amendment would have altered clause 42 of the Bill[3] and sought to:
During the debate the MP who proposed the rejected amendment, Rebecca Long-Bailey, said[4]:
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Energy Bill — New Clause 3 — Carbon Capture and Storage Strategy for the Energy Industry - 14 Mar 2016 - Division No. 216 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted against requiring a strategy for carbon capture and storage for the energy industry. MPs were considering the Energy Bill.[1] The proposed new clause rejected in this vote was titled Carbon capture and storage strategy for the energy industry. Subclause (1) stated:
The remainder of the Clause set out those who must be consulted when developing the strategy and set out the following items it must include:
An explanation of the intent of the new clause was provided stating:
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Energy Bill — New Clause 8 — Setting a Decarbonisation Target Range - 14 Mar 2016 - Division No. 217 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted against setting a decarbonisation target for the UK within six months of June 2016 and to review it annually thereafter. The timescale for the adoption of the target was given as within six months of the adoption of the fifth carbon budget. Under Section 4 of the Climate Change Act 2008 Carbon budgets must be set at least 12 years before the period in question starts. The fifth budget is for the period from 2028 and must be set by June 2016. In the Energy Act 2013 decarbonisation means reducing the carbon intensity of electricity generation in the UK. MPs were considering the Energy Bill.[1] The proposed new clause rejected in this vote was titled:Decarbonisation target range and stated:
Subsections (1) and (2) of Section 1 the of the Energy Act 2013 state:
Subsection (5), which was left unchanged as a result of this vote, begins:
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Housing and Planning Bill — New Clause — Permitted Carbon Dixoide Emission Rate for New Homes - 3 May 2016 - Division No. 261 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted not to reduce the permitted carbon dioxide emission rate of new homes. MPs were considering the Housing and Planning Bill[1]. The motion supported by the majority of MPs in this vote was:
Lords amendment 108[2] sought to introduce a new clause titled Carbon compliance standard for new homes which stated:
The explanatory notes to the amendments[3] state "improvement" is considered to be a percentage reduction in the target carbon dioxide emission rate. Regulation 15 of The Building and Approved Inspectors (Amendment) Regulations 2006 amended Building Regulations 2000 to introduce a requirement that The Secretary of State shall approve minimum energy performance requirements for new buildings, in the form of target CO2 emission rates. The procedure for calculating the target emission rate in 2006 was set out in paragraphs 19 to 23 of The Building Regulations 2000 Approved Document L1A Conservation of fuel and power and depends on factors such as size, shape and the type of fuel used for heating. === |
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Housing and Planning Bill — Carbon Dioxide Emission Rate and Energy Performance of New Homes - 9 May 2016 - Division No. 267 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted against reducing the permitted carbon dioxide emission rate of new homes and instead requiring a review of minimum energy performance requirements. MPs were considering the Housing and Planning Bill[1] and specifically Amendment (a)[2] proposed in lieu of Lords amendment 108. The motion supported by the majority of MPs in this vote was:
Amendment (a)[2] proposed a new clause titled Review of minimum energy performance requirements and stated:
Lords amendment 108 had sought to reduce the permitted carbon dioxide emission rate of new homes[3]. === |
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Finance Bill — New Clause 15 — VAT on Installation of Energy Saving Materials - 6 Sep 2016 - Division No. 60 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted to allow Treasury ministers to increase VAT on the installation of energy saving materials. MPs were considering the Finance Bill[1]. The proposed new clause rejected in this vote was titled: VAT on Installation of Energy Saving Materials and stated:
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The Value Added Tax (Reduced Rate) (Energy-Saving Materials) Order 2019 - 25 Jun 2019 - Division No. 424 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted to exclude wind and water turbines from a special reduced rate of VAT applying to the supply and installation of energy-saving materials in residential accommodation. The motion supported by a majority of MPs in this vote was:
The changes were proposed following a European Court of Justice judgment which found the United Kingdom was in breach of Article 98 *and the linked Annex III) of the European Union VAT directive which sets out when reduced rates of VAT may be applied. |
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Queen's Speech — Programme for Government — The Economy — In the Interest of the Many — Green Industrial Revolution - 24 Oct 2019 - Division No. 10 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted against a motion calling on the Government "to rebuild the economy so that it works in the interest of the many, not just handing out rewards to those at the top" and bring forward "a green industrial revolution to decarbonise the economy and boost economic growth". The debate on the content of the government's legislative programme outlined in the Queens' speech is technically, and traditionally, on the subject of a message of thanks which the house is to send the monarch for making the speech. MPs were considering the following motion:
the amendment rejected in this vote was:
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Transport — Eliminate Substantial Majority of Emissions by 2030 - 5 Feb 2020 - Division No. 32 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted not to call on the Government to develop and implement a plan to eliminate the substantial majority of transport emissions by 2030. The motion rejected in this vote was:
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United Kingdom Internal Market Bill — New Clause 6 — Climate and Nature Emergency Impact Statement as Prerequisite for Financial Assistance - 29 Sep 2020 - Division No. 114 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted not to require a "climate and nature emergency impact statement" as part of any proposal for financial assistance under a United Kingdom Internal Market Act. MPs were considering the United Kingdom Internal Market Bill[1][2]. The proposed new clause rejected in this vote was titled: Economic development: climate and nature emergency impact statement and stated:
The rejected new clause was accompanied by the following explanatory statement from its proposer:
Part 6 of the Bill provided for wide-ranging powers for ministers to hand out money. Part 6 of the Bill started with Clause 46, titled Power to provide financial assistance for economic development etc and began:
(c)supporting cultural activities, projects and events that the Ministe rconsiders directly or indirectly benefit the United Kingdom or particular areas of the United Kingdom;
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Agriculture Bill — New Clause After Clause 42 — Contribution of Agriculture and Associated Land Use to Climate Change Targets - 12 Oct 2020 - Division No. 130 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted not to require ministers to exercise their duties under the Agriculture Act with due regard to the target of net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The duties under the Act include establishing schemes for making payments to farmers, landowners and others in lieu of funding via European Union schemes following the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the union. The majority of MPs also voted against the introduction of an interim greenhouse gas emissions target for 2030 which would provide for agriculture and associated land use to reduce and sequester climate change emissions in a manner commensurate with meeting the target for 2050. MPs were considering the Agriculture Bill[1]. The motion supported by the majority of MPs in this vote was:
Lords amendment 17[2] proposed the addition of a new clause after clause 42, to be titled: Contribution of agriculture and associated land use to climate change targets and stating:
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Pension Schemes Bill — Clause 124 — Climate Change Risk - 16 Nov 2020 - Division No. 171 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted not to seek to ensure any regulations on the subject of climate change risk which apply to those running certain occupational pension schemes align with the aims of net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 or sooner and limiting the global average temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. MPs were considering the Pension Schemes Bill[1]. The amendment rejected in this vote was: Amendment 16, page 118, line 45, leave out subsection (8) and insert—
The rejected amendment was accompanied by the following explanatory statement from its proposer:
Subsection 8 of Clause 124 stated[1]
increase in the average global temperature to well below 2˚C above pre-industrial levels referred to in Article 2(1)(a) of the agreement done at Paris on 12 December 2015. The objective in Article 2(1)(a) of the Paris agreement[3] was broader and stated:
above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change Article 4.1 of the Paris Agreement[3] stated:
The motion rejected in this vote was:
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Financial Services Bill — Schedule 2 — Prudential Regulation of Investment Firms — Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions - 13 Jan 2021 - Division No. 196 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted not to require the Financial Conduct Authority to have regard to the target of reducing UK greenhouse gas emissions back to 1990 levels by 2050 when setting capital and risk related requirements for investment firms. MPs were considering the Financial Services Bill.[1][2] The amendment rejected in this vote was
Had it not been rejected the amendment would have inserted the above text into Part 1 of Schedule 2 of the Bill which itsself provided for a new part (9C) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000. The specific proposed new section of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 into which the amendment would have been inserted began:
FCA is a reference to the Financial Conduct Authority.[2] --
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Environment Bill — New Clause 1 — Environmental Principles: Public Authorities - 26 Jan 2021 - Division No. 213 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted not to require public authorities to act in accordance with the following principles in relation to the environment: preventative action to avert damage; the precautionary principle; rectifying damage at source and "polluter pays". The rejected principles would have applied when creating new laws. MPs were considering the Environment Bill.[1][2] The proposed new clause rejected in this vote was titled: Environmental Principles: Public Authorities and stated:
The rejected new clause was accompanied by the following statement from its proposer:
Clause 16(5) of the Bill, as at the time of the vote[3] stated:
The Bill[3] required a Secretary of State to make "a policy statement on environmental principles" "explaining how the environmental principles should be interpreted and proportionately applied by Ministers of the Crown when making policy". --
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Environment Bill — New Clause 24 — Prohibition on Burning of Vegetation on Peat in Upland Areas - 26 May 2021 - Division No. 18 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted not to ban the burning of certain types of vegetation in almost all upland areas with peat soils in England. MPs were considering the Environment Bill.[1][2] The proposed new clause rejected in this vote was titled:Prohibition on burning of peat in upland areas and stated:
The ban would be expected to have biodiversity benefits and to reduce the chance of carbon being released from the peat if the peat caught fire. During the debate prior to the vote Birkenhead MP Mick Whitley said[4]:
Notably here the title of the proposed new clause is not entirely consistent with the content. The title refers to a ban on burning peat and the content refers to a ban burning certain vegetation grown on peat. The role of titles in interpretation of Acts of Parliament has developed over time, and was considered in the case of Regina v. Montila and others in 2004[5] where the committee of judges determined headings provided context which could aid with interpretation of an Act. In this case it appears perhaps the intent is to ban burning of vegetation with an aim of preventing the peat catching fire. If directly setting fire to peat would be prohibited by the clause is not clear and would be a question for a court. The title of the rejected new clause was included in the relevant amendment paper[6]. The amendment paper included the following explanatory statement from the proposer of the new clause:
The extant law referred to appears to be the The Heather and Grass etc. Burning (England) Regulations 2021[7], explanatory notes to which state[8]:
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Advanced Research and Invention Agency Bill — New Clause 1 — Supporting Net Zero Greenhouse Targeted Gas Emission Target - 7 Jun 2021 - Division No. 20 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted not to make supporting reducing the United Kingdom's net targeted greenhouse gas emissions to zero by 2050 the initial core mission of the Advanced Research and Invention Agency and for Parliament to approve future missions. MPs were considering the Advanced Research and Invention Agency Bill[1][2][3] The amendment rejected in this vote was:
The rejected amendment was accompanied by the following explanatory statement from its proposer:
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Health and Care Bill — Decline Second Reading - 14 Jul 2021 - Division No. 55 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted for NHS reforms and reorganisations intended to ensure integration and coordination both within the NHS and between the NHS and local councils as well as to make virginity checking and hymen reconstruction an offence. MPs were considering the Bill[1][2][3] The motion under consideration was:
The amendment rejected in this vote was:
The Bill focused on integration and coordination, both within the NHS, and between the NHS and local councils. The Bill contained provisions:
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Health and Care Bill — Second Reading - 14 Jul 2021 - Division No. 56 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The majority of MPs voted for NHS reforms and reorganisations intended to ensure integration and coordination both within the NHS and between the NHS and local councils as well as to make virginity checking and hymen reconstruction an offence. MPs were considering the Bill[1][2][3] The motion supported by a majority of MPs in this vote was:
Support for this motion enabled the Bill to continue on its path to becoming law. The Bill focused on integration and coordination, both within the NHS, and between the NHS and local councils. The Bill contained provisions:
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How the number is calculated
The MP's votes count towards a weighted average where the most important votes get 50 points, less important votes get 10 points, and less important votes for which the MP was absent get 2 points. In important votes the MP gets awarded the full 50 points for voting the same as the policy, no points for voting against the policy, and 25 points for not voting. In less important votes, the MP gets 10 points for voting with the policy, no points for voting against, and 1 (out of 2) if absent.
Questions about this formula can be discussed on the forum.
No of votes | Points | Out of | |
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Most important votes (50 points) | |||
MP voted with policy | 7 | 350 | 350 |
MP voted against policy | 18 | 0 | 900 |
MP absent | 1 | 25 | 50 |
Less important votes (10 points) | |||
MP voted with policy | 8 | 80 | 80 |
MP voted against policy | 5 | 0 | 50 |
Less important absentees (2 points) | |||
MP absent* | 4 | 4 | 8 |
Total: | 459 | 1438 | |
*Pressure of other work means MPs or Lords are not always available to vote – it does not always indicate they have abstained. Therefore, being absent on a less important vote makes a disproportionatly small difference. |
total points
1438