Voting Comparison — Lord Fowler
to Lord Cope of Berkeley
Lord Fowler
Note: our records only go back to 1997 for the Commons and 2001 for the Lords (more details).
Constituency | From | To | Party | Rebellions (explain...) | Attendance (explain...) | Teller |
House of Lords | 1 Sep 2016 | still in office | Non-affiliated | 44 votes out of 61, 72.1% | 61 votes out of 842, 7.2% | 0 times |
House of Lords | 4 Jul 2001 | 1 Sep 2016 | Con | 17 votes out of 939, 1.8% | 939 votes out of 1785, 52.6% | 2 times |
Sutton Coldfield | 1 May 1997 | 14 May 2001 | Con | 4 votes out of 584, 0.7% | 584 votes out of 1273, 45.9% | 0 times |
Voting Differences
House | Date | Subject | Lord Fowler | Lord Cope of Berkeley | Rôle | |
no votes listed | ||||||
House | Date | Subject | Lord Fowler | Lord Cope of Berkeley | Rôle | |
Lords | 5 Feb 2015 | Deregulation Bill — Report (2nd Day) | minority | no | disagrees with policy | |
Lords | 24 Apr 2013 | Procedure of the House — Motion to Resolve | minority | no | disagrees with policy | |
Lords | 5 Feb 2013 | Defamation Bill — Report | Majority | no | disagrees with policy | |
Lords | 26 Mar 2012 | Procedure of the House — Motion to Agree | Majority | no | disagrees with policy | |
Lords | 19 Jan 2011 | Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Bill — Special Case for Isle of Wight Constituency | Majority | no | disagrees with policy | |
Lords | 27 Oct 2008 | Pensions Bill | tellaye | aye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 25 Jul 2007 | Further Education and Training Bill [HL] | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 18 Jul 2007 | Housing Act 2004 (Commencement No. 8) (England and Wales) Order 2007 | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 9 Jul 2007 | Statistics and Registration Service Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 9 Jul 2007 | Statistics and Registration Service Bill | aye | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 3 Jul 2007 | Offender Management Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 27 Jun 2007 | Offender Management Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 26 Jun 2007 | Greater London Authority Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 19 Jun 2007 | Greater London Authority Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 11 Jun 2007 | Offender Management Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 6 Jun 2007 | Pensions Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 6 Jun 2007 | Pensions Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 23 May 2007 | Offender Management Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 16 May 2007 | Offender Management Bill — Principles of probation services | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 18 Apr 2007 | Legal Services Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 18 Apr 2007 | Legal Services Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 18 Apr 2007 | Legal Services Bill [HL] | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 18 Apr 2007 | Legal Services Bill [HL] | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 20 Mar 2007 | Fraud (Trials without a Jury) Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 14 Mar 2007 | House of Lords: Reform (80pc elected, 20pc appointed) | Majority | aye | disagrees with policy | |
Lords | 26 Feb 2007 | Mental Health Bill [HL] — Conditions for Community Treatment Orders | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 26 Feb 2007 | Mental Health Bill [HL] — Doctors' involvement in Community Treatment Orders | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 1 Nov 2006 | Police and Justice Bill — extradition | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 1 Nov 2006 | Police and Justice Bill — extradition to the US | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 30 Oct 2006 | Education and Inspections Bill — Faith schools must accept pupils from outside the faith — rejected | minority | no | disagrees with policy | |
Lords | 19 Oct 2006 | Education and Inspections Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 19 Jul 2006 | Northern Ireland (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 13 Jul 2006 | Northern Ireland (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 13 Jul 2006 | Government of Wales Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 27 Jun 2006 | Government of Wales Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 27 Jun 2006 | Government of Wales Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 26 Jun 2006 | Childcare Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 20 Jun 2006 | Electoral Administration Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 12 Jun 2006 | Childcare Bill | aye | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 7 Jun 2006 | Electoral Administration Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 7 Jun 2006 | Electoral Administration Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 7 Jun 2006 | Electoral Administration Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 17 May 2006 | Violent Crime Reduction Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 10 May 2006 | Company Law Reform Bill [HL] | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 9 May 2006 | Company Law Reform Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 19 Apr 2006 | Government of Wales Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 27 Mar 2006 | Natural Environment and Rural Communities Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 21 Mar 2006 | Consumer Credit Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 8 Mar 2006 | Civil Aviation Bill — Night flights — removal of quota | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 8 Mar 2006 | Council Tax (New Valuation Lists for England) Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 7 Mar 2006 | Compensation Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 7 Mar 2006 | Compensation Bill [HL] | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 27 Feb 2006 | Natural Environment and Rural Communities Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 15 Feb 2006 | NHS Redress Bill [HL] | aye | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 25 Jan 2006 | Terrorism Bill — Extension Of Period Of Detention to 60 Days | Majority | tellno | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 23 Jan 2006 | Identity Cards Bill (amendment 46: compulsion to register) | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 30 Nov 2005 | Commons Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 30 Nov 2005 | Commons Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 16 Nov 2005 | Identity Cards Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 14 Nov 2005 | Licensing Act 2003 (Second Appointed Day) Order 2005 | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 14 Nov 2005 | Children and Adoption Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 25 Oct 2005 | Racial and Religious Hatred Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 4 Apr 2005 | Railways Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 21 Mar 2005 | Constitutional Reform Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 15 Mar 2005 | Constitutional Reform Bill [HL] | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 10 Mar 2005 | (Lords Amendments Nos. 38, 39, 40) | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 10 Mar 2005 | (Lords Amendments Nos. 38, 39, 40) | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 10 Mar 2005 | (Lords Amendments Nos. 38, 39, 40) | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 10 Mar 2005 | (Lords Amendment 33D) | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 10 Mar 2005 | (Lords Amendments 27, 31, 32,) | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 10 Mar 2005 | Gambling Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 10 Mar 2005 | Prevention of Terrorism Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 8 Mar 2005 | Prevention of Terrorism Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 8 Mar 2005 | Prevention of Terrorism Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 8 Mar 2005 | Prevention of Terrorism Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 8 Feb 2005 | Inquiries Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 8 Feb 2005 | Disability Discrimination Bill [HL] | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 24 Jan 2005 | Education Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 13 Jan 2005 | Education Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 20 Dec 2004 | Constitutional Reform Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 16 Nov 2004 | Civil Contingencies Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 16 Nov 2004 | Civil Contingencies Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 16 Nov 2004 | Civil Contingencies Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 15 Nov 2004 | Pensions Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 9 Nov 2004 | Civil Contingencies Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 8 Nov 2004 | Pensions Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 8 Nov 2004 | Pensions Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 4 Nov 2004 | Pensions Bill | minority | tellno | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 4 Nov 2004 | Pensions Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 4 Nov 2004 | Pensions Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 4 Nov 2004 | Pensions Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 3 Nov 2004 | Housing Bill — Improvement in Energy Efficiency | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 3 Nov 2004 | Housing Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 3 Nov 2004 | Housing Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 19 Oct 2004 | Housing Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 14 Sep 2004 | Horserace Betting and Olympic Lottery Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 19 Jul 2004 | Horserace Betting and Olympic Lottery Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 19 Jul 2004 | Horserace Betting and Olympic Lottery Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 15 Jul 2004 | Children Bill — The National Asylum Support Service and Immigration Centres must ensure the welfare of children — rejected | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 13 Jul 2004 | Constitutional Reform Bill [HL] | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 12 Jul 2004 | Fire and Rescue Services Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 7 Jul 2004 | Companies (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 7 Jun 2004 | Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 26 Apr 2004 | Lords Amendment | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 30 Mar 2004 | Lords Amendment | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 29 Mar 2004 | Energy Bill [HL] | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 25 Mar 2004 | Planning and Compulsory Purchase Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 25 Mar 2004 | Planning and Compulsory Purchase Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 23 Mar 2004 | Energy Bill [HL] | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 18 Mar 2004 | Energy Bill [HL] | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 18 Mar 2004 | Energy Bill [HL] | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 18 Mar 2004 | "Piloting conduct at European and local elections | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 16 Mar 2004 | Planning and Compulsory Purchase Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 16 Mar 2004 | "Piloting conduct at European and local elections | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 11 Mar 2004 | Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 11 Mar 2004 | Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 4 Mar 2004 | Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 1 Mar 2004 | Planning and Compulsory Purchase Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 24 Feb 2004 | Planning and Compulsory Purchase Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 24 Feb 2004 | Planning and Compulsory Purchase Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 23 Feb 2004 | European Parliamentary and Local Elections (Pilots) Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 3 Feb 2004 | Justice (Northern Ireland) Bill [HL] | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 3 Feb 2004 | Justice (Northern Ireland) Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 2 Dec 2003 | Address in Reply to Her Majesty's Most Gracious Speech | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 20 Nov 2003 | Commons Response to Lords Amendments 114 to 119 and 121 to 131 | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 20 Nov 2003 | Lords Amendment — Criminal Justice Bill — Juries in serious or complex fraud trials | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 19 Nov 2003 | Adjournment | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 19 Nov 2003 | Lords Amendment — Health and Social Care Bill — NHS foundation trusts | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 19 Nov 2003 | Lords Amendment — Criminal Justice Bill — Evidence of bad character | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 19 Nov 2003 | Lords Amendment — Criminal Justice Bill — Jury tampering | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 19 Nov 2003 | Lords Amendment — Criminal Justice Bill — Juries and fraud trials [2] | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 19 Nov 2003 | Lords Amendment — Criminal Justice Bill — Juries and fraud trials | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 12 Nov 2003 | Extradition Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 11 Nov 2003 | Criminal Justice Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 10 Nov 2003 | Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 6 Nov 2003 | Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 3 Nov 2003 | Anti-social Behaviour Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 30 Oct 2003 | Criminal Justice Bill | Majority | tellno | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 14 Oct 2003 | Criminal Justice Bill | aye | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 14 Oct 2003 | Criminal Justice Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 14 Oct 2003 | Criminal Justice Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 18 Sep 2003 | Criminal Justice Bill | Majority | tellno | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 15 Sep 2003 | Criminal Justice Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 17 Jul 2003 | Local Government Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 15 Jul 2003 | Criminal Justice Bill | Majority | tellno | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 8 Jul 2003 | Communications Bill | tellaye | no | disagrees with policy | |
Lords | 8 Jul 2003 | Communications Bill | minority | no | disagrees with policy | |
Lords | 7 Jul 2003 | Criminal Justice Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 2 Jul 2003 | Communications Bill | minority | no | disagrees with policy | |
Lords | 19 Jun 2003 | Commons Amendment | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 12 Jun 2003 | Water Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 19 May 2003 | Courts Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 19 May 2003 | Courts Bill [HL] | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 6 May 2003 | Extradition Bill | minority | no | disagrees with policy | |
Lords | 28 Apr 2003 | Regional Assemblies (Preparations) Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 28 Apr 2003 | Regional Assemblies (Preparations) Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 28 Apr 2003 | Regional Assemblies (Preparations) Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 7 Apr 2003 | Regional Assemblies (Preparations) Bill | minority | tellno | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 7 Apr 2003 | Regional Assemblies (Preparations) Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 7 Apr 2003 | Regional Assemblies (Preparations) Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 24 Mar 2003 | Regional Assemblies (Preparations) Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 20 Mar 2003 | Regional Assemblies (Preparations) Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 20 Mar 2003 | Regional Assemblies (Preparations) Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 17 Mar 2003 | Crime (International Co-operation) Bill [HL] | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 10 Mar 2003 | Community Care (Delayed Discharges etc.) Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 4 Mar 2003 | Licensing Bill [HL] | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 3 Mar 2003 | Crime (International Co-operation) Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 25 Feb 2003 | Crime (International Co-operation) Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 24 Feb 2003 | Licensing Bill [HL] | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 24 Feb 2003 | Licensing Bill [HL] | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 11 Feb 2003 | Courts Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 10 Feb 2003 | Courts Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 4 Feb 2003 | House of Lords Reform — 80 per cent elected/20 per cent appointed | Majority | aye | disagrees with policy | |
Lords | 4 Feb 2003 | House of Lords Reform — fully elected | Majority | aye | disagrees with policy | |
Lords | 13 Jan 2003 | Licensing Bill [HL] | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 7 Nov 2002 | Lords Amendment | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 31 Oct 2002 | Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 29 Oct 2002 | Animal Health Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 29 Oct 2002 | Animal Health Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 28 Oct 2002 | Enterprise Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 28 Oct 2002 | Enterprise Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 28 Oct 2002 | Enterprise Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 8 Oct 2002 | Animal Health Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 24 Jul 2002 | Lords Amendment | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 24 Jul 2002 | Procedure of the House: Select Committee Report | minority | no | disagrees with policy | |
Lords | 23 Jul 2002 | Education Bill — Control of Regulation | minority | tellno | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 23 Jul 2002 | Lords Amendment | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 11 Jul 2002 | Proceeds of Crime Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 10 Jul 2002 | Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Bill — Government must make food and other services available to people living in accommodation centres — rejected | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 4 Jul 2002 | Justice (Northern Ireland) Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 4 Jul 2002 | Justice (Northern Ireland) Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 1 Jul 2002 | Justice (Northern Ireland) Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 15 Apr 2002 | Police Reform Bill [HL] | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 12 Feb 2002 | State Pension Credit Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 22 Jan 2002 | European Communities (Amendment) Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 17 Jan 2002 | European Communities (Amendment) Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 17 Jan 2002 | European Communities (Amendment) Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 15 Jan 2002 | Homelessness Bill | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 10 Dec 2001 | Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 6 Dec 2001 | Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 6 Dec 2001 | Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 6 Dec 2001 | Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 6 Dec 2001 | Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 6 Dec 2001 | Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Bill | Majority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
Lords | 19 Nov 2001 | Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Bill [HL] | minority | tellaye | agrees with policy | |
House | Date | Subject | Mr Norman Fowler | Lord Cope of Berkeley | Rôle | |
no votes listed |